Human kallikrein

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a human tumor suppressor (HKALL) and polynucleotides which identify and encode HKALL. The invention also provides expression vectors and host cells, agonists, antibodies, or antagonists. The invention provides methods for treating diseases associated with expression of HKALL.

[0001] This application is a divisional application of U.S. applicationSer. No. 09/210,084, filed Dec. 11, 1998, which is a divisional of U.S.application Ser. No. 08/824,874, filed Mar. 26, 1997, issued Oct. 5,1999, as U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,300, entitled HUMAN KALLIKREIN, both ofwhich are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequencesof a novel human kallikrein and to the use of these sequences in thediagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer and skin disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE) is a member of thekallikrein family of serine proteases. Hansson L. et al. (1994; J. Biol.Chem. 269: 19420-19426) cloned the SCCE gene and showed that it isexpressed specifically in the outermost layer of the epidermis, known asthe stratum corneum. SCCE is likely to function in proteolysis ofintercellular cohesive structures. Such proteolysis is necessary fordesquamation, the ongoing process by which outer layers of skin areeliminated. An imbalance in desquamation and new epidermis growth maylead to the formation of scales on the skin surface, a common occurencein diseases such as psoriasis and icthyosis.

[0004] Genes encoding the three human kallikreins, tissue kallikrein(KLK1), glandular kallikrein (KLK2), and PSA are located in a cluster atchromosome map position 19q13.2-q13.4 (Riegmen P. H. (1992) Genomics 14:6-11). PSA shares more extensive homology with KLK2 than with KLK1. BothPSA and KLK2 are produced by prostate epithelial cells and theirexpression is regulated by androgens. Three amino acid residues werefound to be critical for serine protease activity, residues H₆₅, D₁₂₀,and S₂₁₃ in PSA (Bridon D. P. et al. (1995) Urology 45: 801-806).Substrate specificity, described as chymotrypsinogen-like (with KLK2) ortrypsin-like (with PSA) is thought to be determined by S₂₀₇ in PSA andD₂₀₉ in KLK2 (Bridon et al., supra). KLK1 is chymotrypsinogen-like andexpressed in the pancreas, urinary system, and sublingual gland. KLK1,like the other kallikreins, is made as a pre-pro-protein and isprocessed into an active form of 238 amino acids by cleavage of a 24amino acid terminal signal sequence (Fukushima D. et al. (1985)Biochemistry 24: 8037-8043).

[0005] Adenocarcinoma of the prostate accounts for a significant numberof malignancies in men over 50, with over 122,000 new cases occurringper year in the United States alone. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isthe most sensitive marker available for monitoring cancer progressionand response to therapy. Serum PSA is elevated in up to 92% of patientswith prostatic carcinoma, depending upon tumor volume.

[0006] Discovery of proteins related to SCCE, PSA, and thepolynucleotides encoding them satisfies a need in the art by providingnew compositions useful in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment ofcancer and skin disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention features a novel human kallikreinhereinafter designated HKALL and characterized as having chemical andstructural similarity to human stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme andother kallikreins.

[0008] Accordingly, the invention features a substantially purifiedHKALL which has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0009] One aspect of the invention features isolated and substantiallypurified polynucleotides that encode HKALL. In a particular aspect, thepolynucleotide is the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

[0010] The invention also relates to a polynucleotide sequencecomprising the complement of SEQ ID NO:2 or variants thereof. Inaddition, the invention features polynucleotide sequences whichhybridize under stringent conditions to SEQ ID NO:2.

[0011] The invention additionally features nucleic acid sequencesencoding polypeptides, oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNA),fragments, portions or antisense molecules thereof, and expressionvectors and host cells comprising polynucleotides that encode HKALL. Thepresent invention also features antibodies which bind specifically toHKALL, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising substantially purifiedHKALL. The invention also features the use of agonists and antagonistsof HKALL. The invention also features a method for producing HKALL usingthe host cell, and methods for treating cancer and skin disorders byadministering an antagonist to HKALL.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0012]FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E show the amino acid sequence (SEQ IDNO:1) and nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of HKALL. The alignmentwas produced using MACDNASIS PRO software (Hitachi Software EngineeringCo., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan).

[0013]FIGS. 2A and 2B show the amino acid sequence alignments amongHKALL (SEQ ID NO:1), human stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (GI532504; SEQ ID NO:3), human pancreatic kallikrein (GI 186653; SEQ IDNO:4), and African rat renal kallikrein (GI 55527; SEQ ID NO:5). Thealignment was produced using the multisequence alignment program ofDNASTAR software (DNASTAR Inc, Madison Wis.).

[0014]FIG. 3 shows the hydrophobicity plot (MACDNASIS PRO software) forHKALL, SEQ ID NO:1; the positive X axis reflects amino acid position,and the negative Y axis, hydrophobicity.

[0015]FIG. 4 shows the hydrophobicity plot for human stratum corneumchymotryptic enzyme, SEQ ID NO:3.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] Before the present proteins, nucleotide sequences, and methodsare described, it is understood that this invention is not limited tothe particular methodology, protocols, cell lines, vectors, and reagentsdescribed as these may vary. It is also to be understood that theterminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the presentinvention which will be limited only by the appended claims.

[0017] It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims,the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to“a host cell” includes a plurality of such host cells, reference to the“antibody” is a reference to one or more antibodies and equivalentsthereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

[0018] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms usedherein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methodsand materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can beused in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferredmethods, devices, and materials are now described. All publicationsmentioned herein are incorporated by reference for the purpose ofdescribing and disclosing the cell lines, vectors, and methodologieswhich are reported in the publications which might be used in connectionwith the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admissionthat the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtueof prior invention.

Definitions

[0019] “Nucleic acid sequence” as used herein refers to anoligonucleotide, nucleotide, or polynucleotide, and fragments orportions thereof, and to DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin whichmay be single- or double-stranded, and represent the sense or antisensestrand. Similarly, “amino acid sequence” as used herein refers to anoligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence, and fragmentsor portions thereof, and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules.

[0020] Where “amino acid sequence” is recited herein to refer to anamino acid sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, “aminoacid sequence” and like terms, such as “polypeptide” or “protein” arenot meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete, native aminoacid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.

[0021] “Peptide nucleic acid”, as used herein, refers to a moleculewhich comprises an oligomer to which an amino acid residue, such aslysine, and an amino group have been added. These small molecules, alsodesignated anti-gene agents, stop transcript elongation by binding totheir complementary strand of nucleic acid (Nielsen, P. E. et al. (1993)Anticancer Drug Des. 8:53-63).

[0022] HKALL, as used herein, refers to the amino acid sequences ofsubstantially purified HKALL obtained from any species, particularlymammalian, including bovine, ovine, porcine, murine, equine, andpreferably human, from any source whether natural, synthetic,semi-synthetic, or recombinant.

[0023] “Consensus”, as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequencewhich has been resequenced to resolve uncalled bases, or which has beenextended using XL-PCR™ (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.) in the 5′ and/orthe 3′ direction and resequenced, or which has been assembled from theoverlapping sequences of more than one Incyte clone using the GELVIEW™Fragment Assembly system (GCG, Madison, Wis.), or which has been bothextended and assembled.

[0024] A “variant” of HKALL, as used herein, refers to an amino acidsequence that is altered by one or more amino acids. The variant mayhave “conservative” changes, wherein a substituted amino acid hassimilar structural or chemical properties, e.g., replacement of leucinewith isoleucine. More rarely, a variant may have “nonconservative”changes, e.g., replacement of a glycine with a tryptophan. Similar minorvariations may also include amino acid deletions or insertions, or both.Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be substituted,inserted, or deleted without abolishing biological or immunologicalactivity may be found using computer programs well known in the art, forexample, DNASTAR software.

[0025] A “deletion”, as used herein, refers to a change in either aminoacid or nucleotide sequence in which one or more amino acid ornucleotide residues, respectively, are absent.

[0026] An “insertion” or “addition”, as used herein, refers to a changein an amino acid or nucleotide sequence resulting in the addition of oneor more amino acid or nucleotide residues, respectively, as compared tothe naturally occurring molecule.

[0027] A “substitution”, as used herein, refers to the replacement ofone or more amino acids or nucleotides by different amino acids ornucleotides, respectively.

[0028] The term “biologically active”, as used herein, refers to aprotein having structural, regulatory, or biochemical functions of anaturally occurring molecule. Likewise, “immunologically active” refersto the capability of the natural, recombinant, or synthetic HKALL, orany oligopeptide thereof, to induce a specific immune response inappropriate animals or cells and to bind with specific antibodies.

[0029] The term “agonist”, as used herein, refers to a molecule which,when bound to HKALL, causes a change in HKALL which modulates theactivity of HKALL. Agonists may include proteins, nucleic acids,carbohydrates, or any other molecules which bind to HKALL.

[0030] The terms “antagonist” or “inhibitor”, as used herein, refer to amolecule which, when bound to HKALL, blocks or modulates the biologicalor immunological activity of HKALL. Antagonists and inhibitors mayinclude proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or any other moleculeswhich bind to HKALL.

[0031] The term “modulate”, as used herein, refers to a change or analteration in the biological activity of HKALL. Modulation may be anincrease or a decrease in protein activity, a change in bindingcharacteristics, or any other change in the biological, functional orimmunological properties of HKALL.

[0032] The term “mimetic”, as used herein, refers to a molecule, thestructure of which is developed from knowledge of the structure of HKALLor portions thereof and, as such, is able to effect some or all of theactions of kallikrein-like molecules.

[0033] The term “derivative”, as used herein, refers to the chemicalmodification of a nucleic acid encoding HKALL or the encoded HKALL.Illustrative of such modifications would be replacement of hydrogen byan alkyl, acyl, or amino group. A nucleic acid derivative would encode apolypeptide which retains essential biological characteristics of thenatural molecule.

[0034] The term “substantially purified”, as used herein, refers tonucleic or amino acid sequences that are removed from their naturalenvironment, isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free,preferably 75% free, and most preferably 90% free from other componentswith which they are naturally associated.

[0035] “Amplification” as used herein refers to the production ofadditional copies of a nucleic acid sequence and is generally carriedout using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies well known in theart (Dieffenbach, C. W. and G. S. Dveksler (1995) PCR Primer, aLaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

[0036] The term “hybridization”, as used herein, refers to any processby which a strand of nucleic acid binds with a complementary strandthrough base pairing.

[0037] The term “hybridization complex”, as used herein, refers to acomplex formed between two nucleic acid sequences by virtue of theformation of hydrogen bonds between complementary G and C bases andbetween complementary A and T bases; these hydrogen bonds may be furtherstabilized by base stacking interactions. The two complementary nucleicacid sequences hydrogen bond in an antiparallel configuration. Ahybridization complex may be formed in solution (e.g., C₀t or R₀tanalysis) or between one nucleic acid sequence present in solution andanother nucleic acid sequence immobilized on a solid support (e.g.,membranes, filters, chips, pins or glass slides to which cells have beenfixed for in situ hybridization).

[0038] The terms “complementary” or “complementarity”, as used herein,refer to the natural binding of polynucleotides under permissive saltand temperature conditions by base-pairing. For example, the sequence“A-G-T” binds to the complementary sequence “T-C-A”. Complementaritybetween two single-stranded molecules may be “partial”, in which onlysome of the nucleic acids bind, or it may be complete when totalcomplementarity exists between the single stranded molecules. The degreeof complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effectson the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acidstrands. This is of particular importance in amplification reactions,which depend upon binding between nucleic acids strands.

[0039] The term “homology”, as used herein, refers to a degree ofcomplementarity. There may be partial homology or complete homology(i.e., identity). A partially complementary sequence is one that atleast partially inhibits an identical sequence from hybridizing to atarget nucleic acid; it is referred to using the functional term“substantially homologous.” The inhibition of hybridization of thecompletely complementary sequence to the target sequence may be examinedusing a hybridization assay (Southern or northern blot, solutionhybridization and the like) under conditions of low stringency. Asubstantially homologous sequence or probe will compete for and inhibitthe binding (i.e., the hybridization) of a completely homologoussequence or probe to the target sequence under conditions of lowstringency. This is not to say that conditions of low stringency aresuch that non-specific binding is permitted; low stringency conditionsrequire that the binding of two sequences to one another be a specific(i.e., selective) interaction. The absence of non-specific binding maybe tested by the use of a second target sequence which lacks even apartial degree of complementarity (e.g., less than about 30% identity);in the absence of non-specific binding, the probe will not hybridize tothe second non-complementary target sequence.

[0040] As known in the art, numerous equivalent conditions may beemployed to comprise either low or high stringency conditions. Factorssuch as the length and nature (DNA, RNA, base composition) of thesequence, nature of the target (DNA, RNA, base composition, presence insolution or immobilization, etc.), and the concentration of the saltsand other components (e.g., the presence or absence of formamide,dextran sulfate and/or polyethylene glycol) are considered and thehybridization solution may be varied to generate conditions of eitherlow or high stringency different from, but equivalent to, the abovelisted conditions.

[0041] The term “stringent conditions”, as used herein, is the“stringency” which occurs within a range from about Tm-5° C. (5° C.below the melting temperature (Tm) of the probe) to about 20° C. to 25°C. below Tm. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, thestringency of hybridization may be altered in order to identify ordetect identical or related polynucleotide sequences.

[0042] The term “antisense”, as used herein, refers to nucleotidesequences which are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. Theterm “antisense strand” is used in reference to a nucleic acid strandthat is complementary to the “sense” strand. Antisense molecules may beproduced by any method, including synthesis by ligating the gene(s) ofinterest in a reverse orientation to a viral promoter which permits thesynthesis of a complementary strand. Once introduced into a cell, thistranscribed strand combines with natural sequences produced by the cellto form duplexes. These duplexes then block either the furthertranscription or translation. In this manner, mutant phenotypes may begenerated. The designation “negative” is sometimes used in reference tothe antisense strand, and “positive” is sometimes used in reference tothe sense strand.

[0043] The term “portion”, as used herein, with regard to a protein (asin “a portion of a given protein”) refers to fragments of that protein.The fragments may range in size from four amino acid residues to theentire amino acid sequence minus one amino acid. Thus, a protein“comprising at least a portion of the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:1” encompasses the full-length human HKALL and fragments thereof.

[0044] “Transformation”, as defined herein, describes a process by whichexogenous DNA enters and changes a recipient cell. It may occur undernatural or artificial conditions using various methods well known in theart. Transformation may rely on any known method for the insertion offoreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic hostcell. The method is selected based on the host cell being transformedand may include, but is not limited to, viral infection,electroporation, lipofection, and particle bombardment. Such“transformed” cells include stably transformed cells in which theinserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomouslyreplicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome. They also includecells which transiently express the inserted DNA or RNA for limitedperiods of time.

[0045] The term “antigenic determinant”, as used herein, refers to thatportion of a molecule that makes contact with a particular antibody(i.e., an epitope). When a protein or fragment of a protein is used toimmunize a host animal, numerous regions of the protein may induce theproduction of antibodies which bind specifically to a given region orthree-dimensional structure on the protein; these regions or structuresare referred to as antigenic determinants. An antigenic determinant maycompete with the intact antigen (i.e., the immunogen used to elicit theimmune response) for binding to an antibody.

[0046] The terms “specific binding” or “specifically binding”, as usedherein, in reference to the interaction of an antibody and a protein orpeptide, mean that the interaction is dependent upon the presence of aparticular structure (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope) on theprotein; in other words, the antibody is recognizing and binding to aspecific protein structure rather than to proteins in general. Forexample, if an antibody is specific for epitope “A”, the presence of aprotein containing epitope A (or free, unlabeled A) in a reactioncontaining labeled “A” and the antibody will reduce the amount oflabeled A bound to the antibody.

[0047] The term “sample”, as used herein, is used in its broadest sense.A biological sample suspected of containing nucleic acid encoding HKALLor fragments thereof may comprise a cell, chromosomes isolated from acell (e.g., a spread of metaphase chromosomes), genomic DNA (in solutionor bound to a solid support such as for Southern analysis), RNA (insolution or bound to a solid support such as for northern analysis),cDNA (in solution or bound to a solid support), an extract from cells ora tissue, and the like.

[0048] The term “correlates with expression of a polynucleotide”, asused herein, indicates that the detection of the presence of ribonucleicacid that is similar to SEQ ID NO:2 by northern analysis is indicativeof the presence of mRNA encoding HKALL in a sample and therebycorrelates with expression of the transcript from the polynucleotideencoding the protein.

[0049] “Alterations” in the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:2, as usedherein, comprise any alteration in the sequence of polynucleotidesencoding HKALL including deletions, insertions, and point mutations thatmay be, detected using hybridization assays. Included within thisdefinition is the detection of alterations to the genomic DNA sequencewhich encodes HKALL (e.g., by alterations in the pattern of restrictionfragment length polymorphisms capable of hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:2),the inability of a selected fragment of SEQ ID NO:2 to hybridize to asample of genomic DNA (e.g., using allele-specific oligonucleotideprobes), and improper or unexpected hybridization, such as hybridizationto a locus other than the normal chromosomal locus for thepolynucleotide sequence encoding HKALL (e.g., using fluorescent in situhybridization [FISH] to metaphase chromosomes spreads).

[0050] As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to intact molecules aswell as fragments thereof, such as Fa, F(ab′)₂, and Fv, which arecapable of binding the epitopic determinant. Antibodies that bind HKALLpolypeptides can be prepared using intact polypeptides or fragmentscontaining small peptides of interest as the immunizing antigen. Thepolypeptide or peptide used to immunize an animal can be derived fromthe transition of RNA or synthesized chemically, and can be conjugatedto a carrier protein, if desired. Commonly used carriers that arechemically coupled to peptides include bovine serum albumin andthyroglobulin. The coupled peptide is then used to immunize the animal(e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit).

[0051] The term “humanized antibody”, as used herein, refers to antibodymolecules in which amino acids have been replaced in the non-antigenbinding regions in order to more closely resemble a human antibody,while still retaining the original binding ability.

The Invention

[0052] The invention is based on the discovery of a novel humankallikrein, (HKALL), the polynucleotides encoding HKALL, and the use ofthese compositions for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of cancerand skin disorders.

[0053] Nucleic acids encoding the human HKALL of the present inventionwere first identified in Incyte Clone 820694 from the human epidermalkeratinocyte primary cell cDNA library (KERANOT02) through acomputer-generated search for amino acid sequence alignments. Aconsensus sequence, SEQ ID NO:2, was derived from the extended nucleicacid sequences of Incyte Clone 820694 (KERANOT02).

[0054] In one embodiment, the invention encompasses a polypeptidecomprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, as shown in FIGS. 1A,1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E. HKALL is 269 amino acids in length and has threepotential N-glycosylation sites at asparagine residues 148, 183, and227. HKALL has chemical and structural homology with human stratumcorneum chymotryptic enzyme (GI 532504; SEQ ID NO:3). In particular,HKALL and human stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme share 40% identity.HKALL's amino terminal amino acids are hydrophilic and closely resemblesignal sequences important for kallikrein secretion (FIGS. 2, 3, and 4).HKALL sequence contains conserved residues critical for serine proteaseactivity, H₈₃, D₁₂₈, and S220 (FIGS. 2A and 2B). Amino acid residue D₂₁₄is likely to confer on HKALL chymotrypsinogen-like activity. HKALL aminoacid sequence includes 8 conserved cysteine residues (84, 160, 181, 192,206, 216, 226, 241; FIGS. 2A and 2B). In the kallikreins mentionedabove, these cysteines are structurally important and form fourdisulfide bonds. As illustrated by FIGS. 3 and 4, HKALL and humanstratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme have rather similar hydrophobicityplots. Northern analysis revealed the expression pattern of thissequence found in keratinocytes and in three cDNA libraries derived fromtumor or tumor-associated tissues.

[0055] The invention also encompasses HKALL variants. A preferred HKALLvariant is one having at least 80%, and more preferably 90%, amino acidsequence identity to the HKALL amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1). A mostpreferred HKALL variant is one having at least 95% amino acid sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO:1.

[0056] The invention also encompasses polynucleotides which encodeHKALL. Accordingly, any nucleic acid sequence which encodes the aminoacid sequence of HKALL can be used to generate recombinant moleculeswhich express HKALL. In a particular embodiment, the inventionencompasses the polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:2 as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E.

[0057] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that as aresult of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of nucleotidesequences encoding HKALL, some bearing minimal homology to thenucleotide sequences of any known and naturally occurring gene, may beproduced. Thus, the invention contemplates each and every possiblevariation of nucleotide sequence that could be made by selectingcombinations based on possible codon choices. These combinations aremade in accordance with the standard triplet genetic code as applied tothe nucleotide sequence of naturally occurring HKALL, and all suchvariations are to be considered as being specifically disclosed.

[0058] Although nucleotide sequences which encode HKALL and its variantsare preferably capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of thenaturally occurring HKALL under appropriately selected conditions ofstringency, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequencesencoding HKALL or its derivatives possessing a substantially differentcodon usage. Codons may be selected to increase the rate at whichexpression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic oreukaryotic host in accordance with the frequency with which particularcodons are utilized by the host. Other reasons for substantiallyaltering the nucleotide sequence encoding HKALL and its derivativeswithout altering the encoded amino acid sequences include the productionof RNA transcripts having more desirable properties, such as a greaterhalf-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurringsequence.

[0059] The invention also encompasses production of DNA sequences, orportions thereof, which encode HKALL and its derivatives, entirely bysynthetic chemistry. After production, the synthetic sequence may beinserted into any of the many available expression vectors and cellsystems using reagents that are well known in the art at the time of thefiling of this application. Moreover, synthetic chemistry may be used tointroduce mutations into a sequence encoding HKALL or any portionthereof.

[0060] Also encompassed by the invention are polynucleotide sequencesthat are capable of hybridizing to the claimed nucleotide sequences, andin particular, those shown in SEQ ID NO:2, under various conditions ofstringency. Hybridization conditions are based on the meltingtemperature (Tm) of the nucleic acid binding complex or probe, as taughtin Wahl, G. M. and S. L. Berger (1987; Methods Enzymol. 152:399-407) andKimmel, A. R. (1987; Methods Enzymol. 152:507-511), and may be used at adefined stringency.

[0061] Altered nucleic acid sequences encoding HKALL which areencompassed by the invention include deletions, insertions, orsubstitutions of different nucleotides resulting in a polynucleotidethat encodes the same or a functionally equivalent HKALL. The encodedprotein may also contain deletions, insertions, or substitutions ofamino acid residues which produce a silent change and result in afunctionally equivalent HKALL. Deliberate amino acid substitutions maybe made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility,hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of theresidues as long as the biological activity of HKALL is retained. Forexample, negatively charged amino acids may include aspartic acid andglutamic acid; positively charged amino acids may include lysine andarginine; and amino acids with uncharged polar head groups havingsimilar hydrophilicity values may include leucine, isoleucine, andvaline; glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; serine andthreonine; phenylalanine and tyrosine.

[0062] Also included within the scope of the present invention arealleles of the genes encoding HKALL. As used herein, an “allele” or“allelic sequence” is an alternative form of the gene which may resultfrom at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence. Alleles mayresult in altered mRNAs or polypeptides whose structure or function mayor may not be altered. Any given gene may have none, one, or manyallelic forms. Common mutational changes which give rise to alleles aregenerally ascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions ofnucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or incombination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence.

[0063] Methods for DNA sequencing which are well known and generallyavailable in the art may be used to practice any embodiments of theinvention. The methods may employ such enzymes as the Klenow fragment ofDNA polymerase I, SEQUENASE (US Biochemical Corp, Cleveland, Ohio), Taqpolymerase (Perkin Elmer), thermostable T7 polymerase (Amersham,Chicago, Ill.), or combinations of recombinant polymerases andproofreading exonucleases such as the ELONGASE Amplification Systemmarketed by Gibco BRL (Gaithersburg, Md.). Preferably, the process isautomated with machines such as the Hamilton MICROLAB 2200 (Hamilton,Reno, Nev.), Peltier Thermal Cycler (PTC200; MJ Research, Watertown,Mass.) and the ABI 377 DNA sequencers (Perkin Elmer).

[0064] The nucleic acid sequences encoding HKALL may be extendedutilizing a partial nucleotide sequence and employing various methodsknown in the art to detect upstream sequences such as promoters andregulatory elements. For example, one method which may be employed,“restriction-site” PCR, uses universal primers to retrieve unknownsequence adjacent to a known locus (Sarkar, G. (1993) PCR MethodsApplic. 2:318-322). In particular, genomic DNA is first amplified in thepresence of primer to linker sequence and a primer specific to the knownregion. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round ofPCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal tothe first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with anappropriate RNA polymerase and sequenced using reverse transcriptase.

[0065] Inverse PCR may also be used to amplify or extend sequences usingdivergent primers based on a known region (Triglia, T. et al. (1988)Nucleic Acids Res. 16:8186). The primers may be designed using OLIGO4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Plymouth,Minn.), or another appropriate program, to be 22-30 nucleotides inlength, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the targetsequence at temperatures about 68°-72° C. The method uses severalrestriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known regionof a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligationand used as a PCR template.

[0066] Another method which may be used is capture PCR which involvesPCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in humanand yeast artificial chromosome DNA (Lagerstrom, M. et al. (1991) PCRMethods Applic. 1: 111-119). In this method, multiple restriction enzymedigestions and ligations may also be used to place an engineereddouble-stranded sequence into an unknown portion of the DNA moleculebefore performing PCR.

[0067] Another method which may be used to retrieve unknown sequences isthat of Parker, J. D. et al. (1991; Nucleic Acids Res. 19:3055-3060).Additionally, one may use PCR, nested primers, and PROMOTERFINDERlibraries (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) to walk in genomic DNA. Thisprocess avoids the need to screen libraries and is useful in findingintron/exon junctions. When screening for full-length cDNAs, it ispreferable to use libraries that have been size-selected to includelarger cDNAs. Also, random-primed libraries are preferable, in that theywill contain more sequences which contain the 5′ regions of genes. Useof a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situationsin which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA.Genomic libraries may be useful for extension of sequence into the 5′and 3′ non-transcribed regulatory regions.

[0068] Capillary electrophoresis systems which are commerciallyavailable may be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotidesequence of sequencing or PCR products. In particular, capillarysequencing may employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation,four different fluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which arelaser activated, and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a chargecoupled devise camera. Output/light intensity may be converted toelectrical signal using appropriate software (e.g. GENOTYPER andSEQUENCE NAVIGATOR, Perkin Elmer) and the entire process from loading ofsamples to computer analysis and electronic data display may be computercontrolled. Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for thesequencing of small pieces of DNA which might be present in limitedamounts in a particular sample.

[0069] In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotide sequencesor fragments thereof which encode HKALL, or fusion proteins orfunctional equivalents thereof, may be used in recombinant DNA moleculesto direct expression of HKALL in appropriate host cells. Due to theinherent degeneracy of the genetic code, other DNA sequences whichencode substantially the same or a functionally equivalent amino acidsequence may be produced and these sequences may be used to clone andexpress HKALL.

[0070] As will be understood by those of skill in the art, it may beadvantageous to produce HKALL-encoding nucleotide sequences possessingnon-naturally occurring codons. For example, codons preferred by aparticular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increasethe rate of protein expression or to produce a recombinant RNAtranscript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which islonger than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurringsequence.

[0071] The nucleotide sequences of the present invention can beengineered using methods generally known in the art in order to alterHKALL encoding sequences for a variety of reasons, including but notlimited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/orexpression of the gene product. DNA shuffling by random fragmentationand PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides maybe used to engineer the nucleotide sequences. For example, site-directedmutagenesis may be used to insert new restriction sites, alterglycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splicevariants, or introduce mutations, and so forth.

[0072] In another embodiment of the invention, natural, modified, orrecombinant nucleic acid sequences encoding HKALL may be ligated to aheterologous sequence to encode a fusion protein. For example, to screenpeptide libraries for inhibitors of HKALL activity, it may be useful toencode a chimeric HKALL protein that can be recognized by a commerciallyavailable antibody. A fusion protein may also be engineered to contain acleavage site located between the HKALL encoding sequence and theheterologous protein sequence, so that HKALL may be cleaved and purifiedaway from the heterologous moiety.

[0073] In another embodiment, sequences encoding HKALL may besynthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known inthe art (see Caruthers, M. H. et al. (1980) Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser.215-223, Horn, T. et al. (1980) Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 225-232).Alternatively, the protein itself may be produced using chemical methodsto synthesize the amino acid sequence of HKALL, or a portion thereof.For example, peptide synthesis can be performed using varioussolid-phase techniques (Roberge, J. Y. et al. (1995) Science269:202-204) and automated synthesis may be achieved, for example, usingthe ABI 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer).

[0074] The newly synthesized peptide may be substantially purified bypreparative high performance liquid chromatography (e.g., Creighton, T.(1983) Proteins, Structures and Molecular Principles, W H Freeman andCo., New York, N.Y.). The composition of the synthetic peptides may beconfirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing (e.g., the Edmandegradation procedure; Creighton, supra). Additionally, the amino acidsequence of HKALL, or any part thereof, may be altered during directsynthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences fromother proteins, or any part thereof, to produce a variant polypeptide.

[0075] In order to express a biologically active HKALL, the nucleotidesequences encoding HKALL or functional equivalents, may be inserted intoan appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains thenecessary elements for the transcription and translation of the insertedcoding sequence.

[0076] Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art may beused to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding HKALLand appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements.These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetictechniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. Such techniques aredescribed in Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, A LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y., and Ausubel, F. M. etal. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons,New York, N.Y.

[0077] A variety of expression vector/host systems may be utilized tocontain and express sequences encoding HKALL. These include, but are notlimited to, microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinantbacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeasttransformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infectedwith virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systemstransformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaicvirus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expressionvectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal cell systems.

[0078] The “control elements” or “regulatory sequences” are thosenon-translated regions of the vector—enhancers, promoters, 5′ and 3′untranslated regions—which interact with host cellular proteins to carryout transcription and translation. Such elements may vary in theirstrength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and hostutilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements,including constitutive and inducible promoters, may be used. Forexample, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such asthe hybrid lacZ promoter of the BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene,LaJolla, Calif.) or PSPORT1 plasmid (Gibco BRL) and the like may beused. The baculovirus polyhedrin promoter may be used in insect cells.Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells (e.g.,heat shock, RUBISCO; and storage protein genes) or from plant viruses(e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences) may be cloned into thevector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters from mammalian genes orfrom mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate acell line that contains multiple copies of the sequence encoding HKALL,vectors based on SV40 or EBV may be used with an appropriate selectablemarker.

[0079] In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may beselected depending upon the use intended for HKALL. For example, whenlarge quantities of HKALL are needed for the induction of antibodies,vectors which direct high level expression of fusion proteins that arereadily purified may be used. Such vectors include, but are not limitedto, the multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such asBLUESCRIPT (Stratagene), in which the sequence encoding HKALL may beligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the amino-terminalMet and the subsequent 7 residues of β-galactosidase so that a hybridprotein is produced; pIN vectors (Van Heeke, G. and S. M. Schuster(1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509); and the like. pGEX vectors(Promega, Madison, Wis.) may also be used to express foreignpolypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). Ingeneral, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purifiedfrom lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed byelution in the presence of free glutathione. Proteins made in suchsystems may be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor XAprotease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest canbe released from the GST moiety at will.

[0080] In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a number of vectorscontaining constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor,alcohol oxidase, and PGH may be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al.(supra) and Grant et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 153:516-544.

[0081] In cases where plant expression vectors are used, the expressionof sequences encoding HKALL may be driven by any of a number ofpromoters. For example, viral promoters such as the 35S and 19Spromoters of CaMV may be used alone or in combination with the omegaleader sequence from TMV (Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 6:307-311).Alternatively, plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO orheat shock promoters maybe used (Coruzzi, G. et al. (1984) EMBO J.3:1671-1680; Broglie, R. et al. (1984) Science 224:838-843; and Winter,J. et al. (1991) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 17:85-105). Theseconstructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNAtransformation or pathogen-mediated transfection. Such techniques aredescribed in a number of generally available reviews (see, for example,Hobbs, S. or Murry, L. E. in McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science andTechnology (1992) McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y.; pp. 191-196.

[0082] An insect system may also be used to express HKALL. For example,in one such system, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus(AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodopterafrugiperda cells or in Trichoplusia larvae. The sequences encoding HKALLmay be cloned into a non-essential region of the virus, such as thepolyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter.Successful insertion of HKALL will render the polyhedrin gene inactiveand produce recombinant virus lacking coat protein. The recombinantviruses may then be used to infect, for example, S. frugiperda cells orTrichoplusia larvae in which HKALL may be expressed (Engelhard, E. K. etal. (1994) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91:3224-3227).

[0083] In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expressionsystems may be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as anexpression vector, sequences encoding HKALL may be ligated into anadenovirus transcription/translation complex consisting of the latepromoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential E1or E3 region of the viral genome may be used to obtain a viable viruswhich is capable of expressing HKALL in infected host cells (Logan, J.and Shenk, T. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81:3655-3659). In addition,transcription enhancers, such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer,may be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.

[0084] Specific initiation signals may also be used to achieve moreefficient translation of sequences encoding HKALL. Such signals includethe ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases wheresequences encoding HKALL, its initiation codon, and upstream sequencesare inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additionaltranscriptional or translational control signals may be needed. However,in cases where only coding sequence, or a portion thereof, is inserted,exogenous translational control signals including the ATG initiationcodon should be provided. Furthermore, the initiation codon should be inthe correct reading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert.Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons may be of variousorigins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may beenhanced by the inclusion of enhancers which are appropriate for theparticular cell system which is used, such as those described in theliterature (Scharf, D. et al. (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ.20:125-162).

[0085] In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen for its ability tomodulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process theexpressed protein in the desired fashion. Such modifications of thepolypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation,glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation.Post-translational processing which cleaves a “prepro” form of theprotein may also be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/orfunction. Different host cells such as CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, andWI38, which have specific cellular machinery and characteristicmechanisms for such post-translational activities, may be chosen toensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.

[0086] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins,stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stablyexpress HKALL may be transformed using expression vectors which maycontain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expressionelements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separatevector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells may be allowedto grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media before they are switched toselective media. The purpose of the selectable marker is to conferresistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery ofcells which successfully express the introduced sequences. Resistantclones of stably transformed cells may be proliferated using tissueculture techniques appropriate to the cell type.

[0087] Any number of selection systems may be used to recovertransformed cell lines. These include, but are not limited to, theherpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler, M. et al. (1977) Cell11:223-32) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy, I. et al. (1980)Cell 22:817-23) genes which can be employed in tk⁻ or aprt⁻ cells,respectively. Also, antimetabolite, antibiotic or herbicide resistancecan be used as the basis for selection; for example, dhfr which confersresistance to methotrexate (Wigler, M. et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. 77:3567-70); npt, which confers resistance to the aminoglycosidesneomycin and G-418 (Colbere-Garapin, F. et al (1981) J. Mol. Biol.150:1-14) and als or pat, which confer resistance to chlorsulfuron andphosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively (Murry, supra).Additional selectable genes have been described, for example, trpB,which allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD,which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine (Hartman,S. C. and R. C. Mulligan (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:8047-51).Recently, the use of visible markers has gained popularity with suchmarkers as anthocyanins, β glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, andluciferase and its substrate luciferin, being widely used not only toidentify transformants, but also to quantify the amount of transient orstable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system(Rhodes, C. A. et al. (1995) Methods Mol. Biol. 55:121-131).

[0088] Although the presence/absence of marker gene expression suggeststhat the gene of interest is also present, its presence and expressionmay need to be confirmed. For example, if the sequence encoding HKALL isinserted within a marker gene sequence, recombinant cells containingsequences encoding HKALL can be identified by the absence of marker genefunction. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with asequence encoding HKALL under the control of a single promoter.Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selectionusually indicates expression of the tandem gene as well.

[0089] Alternatively, host cells which contain the nucleic acid sequenceencoding HKALL and express HKALL may be identified by a variety ofprocedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include,but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and proteinbioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, orchip based technologies for the detection and/or quantification ofnucleic acid or protein.

[0090] The presence of polynucleotide sequences encoding HKALL can bedetected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification usingprobes or portions or fragments of polynucleotides encoding HKALL.Nucleic acid amplification based assays involve the use ofoligonucleotides or oligomers based on the sequences encoding HKALL todetect transformants containing DNA or RNA encoding HKALL. As usedherein “oligonucleotides” or “oligomers” refer to a nucleic acidsequence of at least about 10 nucleotides and as many as about 60nucleotides, preferably about 15 to 30 nucleotides, and more preferablyabout 20-25 nucleotides, which can be used as a probe or amplimer.

[0091] A variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expressionof HKALL, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific forthe protein are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescenceactivated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassayutilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopeson HKALL is preferred, but a competitive binding assay may be employed.These and other assays are described, among other places, in Hampton, R.et al. (1990; Serological Methods, a Laboratory Manual, APS Press, StPaul, Minn.) and Maddox, D. E. et al. (1983; J. Exp. Med.158:1211-1216).

[0092] A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known bythose skilled in the art and may be used in various nucleic acid andamino acid assays. Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCRprobes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding HKALLinclude oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling or PCRamplification using a labeled nucleotide. Alternatively, the sequencesencoding HKALL, or any portions thereof may be cloned into a vector forthe production of an mRNA probe. Such vectors are known in the art, arecommercially available, and may be used to synthesize RNA probes invitro by addition of an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, orSP6 and labeled nucleotides. These procedures may be conducted using avariety of commercially available kits (Pharmacia & Upjohn, (Kalamazoo,Mich.); Promega (Madison Wis.); and U.S. Biochemical Corp., (Cleveland,Ohio)). Suitable reporter molecules or labels, which may be used,include radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, orchromogenic agents as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors,magnetic particles, and the like.

[0093] Host cells transformed with nucleotide sequences encoding HKALLmay be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression andrecovery of the protein from cell culture. The protein produced by arecombinant cell may be secreted or contained intracellularly dependingon the sequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by thoseof skill in the art, expression vectors containing polynucleotides whichencode HKALL may be designed to contain signal sequences which directsecretion of HKALL through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane.Other recombinant constructions may be used to join sequences encodingHKALL to nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide domain which willfacilitate purification of soluble proteins. Such purificationfacilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelatingpeptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification onimmobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification onimmobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGSextension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.).The inclusion of cleavable linker sequences such as those specific forFactor XA or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) between thepurification domain and HKALL may be used to facilitate purification.One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion proteincontaining HKALL and a nucleic acid encoding 6 histidine residuespreceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidineresidues facilitate purification on IMIAC (immobilized metal ionaffinity chromatography as described in Porath, J. et al. (1992, Prot.Exp. Purif. 3: 263-281) while the enterokinase cleavage site provides ameans for purifying HKALL from the fusion protein. A discussion ofvectors which contain fusion proteins is provided in Kroll, D. J. et al.(1993; DNA Cell Biol. 12:441-453).

[0094] In addition to recombinant production, fragments of HKALL may beproduced by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques(Merrifield J. (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2154). Protein synthesismay be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automatedsynthesis may be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431APeptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer). Various fragments of HKALL may bechemically synthesized separately and combined using chemical methods toproduce the full length molecule.

Therapeutics

[0095] Chemical and structural homology exists among HKALL, humanstratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme, human pancreatic kallikrein, andAfrican rat renal kallikrein. In addition, northern analysis shows thatthree of four cDNA libraries containing HKALL transcripts were fromtumor-associated tissues and a fourth cDNA library was from skin cells.Thus, HKALL expression appears to be associated with epidermal tissueand with the development of cancer.

[0096] HKALL may be used to increase proteolysis and subsequent skinscaling. Therefore, in one embodiment, HKALL, a fragment, or derivativethereof, may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent skindisorders, including but not limited to, eczema, psoriasis, scleroderma,dermatitis, skin atrophy, ichthyosis, and keratosis.

[0097] In another embodiment, a vector capable of expressing HKALL, or afragment or a derivative thereof, may also be administered to a subjectto treat or prevent skin disorders including but not limited, the skindisorders listed above.

[0098] In certain situations, antagonists or inhibitors of HKALL may beused to suppress excessive proteolysis and subsequent skin cell scaling.Therefore, in one embodiment, antagonists or inhibitors of HKALL may beadministered to a subject to treat or prevent skin disorders, includingbut not limited to, the skin disorders listed above.

[0099] In another embodiment, a vector expressing antisense of thepolynucleotide encoding HKALL may be administered to a subject to treator prevent skin disorders. Examples of skin disorders include, but arenot limited to, the skin disorders listed above.

[0100] In addition, antagonists or inhibitors of HKALL may be used tosuppress excessive cell proliferation. Thus in another embodiment,antagonists or inhibitors of HKALL may be administered to a subject totreat or prevent cancer, including but not limited to, adenocarcinoma;leukemia; melanoma; lymphoma; sarcoma; and cancers of the bladder,colon, liver, brain, small intestine, large intestine, breast, ovary,kidney, lung, and prostate.

[0101] In another embodiment, a vector expressing antisense of thepolynucleotide encoding HKALL may be administered to a subject to treator prevent cancer. Examples of cancers include, but are not limited to,the cancers listed above.

[0102] In other aspects, antibodies which are specific for HKALL may beused directly as an antagonist, or indirectly as a targeting or deliverymechanism for bringing a pharmaceutical agent to cells or tissue whichexpress HKALL.

[0103] In other embodiments, any of the therapeutic proteins,antagonists, antibodies, agonists, antisense sequences or vectorsdescribed above may be administered in combination with otherappropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents foruse in combination therapy may be made by one of ordinary skill in theart, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles. Thecombination of therapeutic agents may act synergistically to effect thetreatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Usingthis approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy withlower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverseside effects.

[0104] Antagonists or inhibitors of HKALL may be produced using methodswhich are generally known in the art. In particular, purified HKALL maybe used to produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceuticalagents to identify those which specifically bind HKALL.

[0105] The antibodies may be generated using methods that are well knownin the art. Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to,polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, Fab fragments, andfragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies,(i.e., those which inhibit dimer formation) are especially preferred fortherapeutic use.

[0106] For the production of antibodies, various hosts including goats,rabbits, rats, mice, humans, and others, may be immunized by injectionwith HKALL or any fragment or oligopeptide thereof which has immunogenicproperties. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants may be usedto increase immunological response. Such adjuvants include, but are notlimited to, Freund's, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, andsurface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols,polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, anddinitrophenol. Among adjuvants used in humans, BCG (bacilliCalmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum are especially preferable.

[0107] It is preferred that the peptides, fragments, or oligopeptidesused to induce antibodies to HKALL have an amino acid sequenceconsisting of at least five amino acids, and more preferably at least 10amino acids. It is also preferable that they are identical to a portionof the amino acid sequence of the natural protein, and they may containthe entire amino acid sequence of a small, naturally occurring molecule.Short stretches of HKALL amino acids may be fused with those of anotherprotein such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin and antibody produced againstthe chimeric molecule.

[0108] Monoclonal antibodies to HKALL may be prepared using anytechnique which provides for the production of antibody molecules bycontinuous cell lines in culture. These include, but are not limited to,the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and theEBV-hybridoma technique (Kohler, G. et al. (1975) Nature 256:495-497;Kozbor, D. et al. (1985) J. Immunol. Methods 81:31-42; Cote, R. J. etal. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:2026-2030; Cole, S. P. et al.(1984) Mol. Cell Biol. 62:109-120).

[0109] In addition, techniques developed for the production of “chimericantibodies”, the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibodygenes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity andbiological activity can be used (Morrison, S. L. et al. (1984) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 81:6851-6855; Neuberger, M. S. et al. (1984) Nature312:604-608; Takeda, S. et al. (1985) Nature 314:452-454).Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chainantibodies may be adapted, using methods known in the art, to produceHKALL-specific single chain antibodies. Antibodies with relatedspecificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition, may be generated bychain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries (BurtonD. R. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:11120-3).

[0110] Antibodies may also be produced by inducing in vivo production inthe lymphocyte population or by screening recombinant immunoglobulinlibraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed inthe literature (Orlandi, R. et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86:3833-3837; Winter, G. et al. (1991) Nature 349:293-299).

[0111] Antibody fragments which contain specific binding sites for HKALLmay also be generated. For example, such fragments include, but are notlimited to, the F(ab′)2 fragments which can be produced by pepsindigestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab fragments which can begenerated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)2 fragments.Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be constructed to allowrapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with thedesired specificity (Huse, W. D. et al. (1989) Science 254:1275-1281).

[0112] Various immunoassays may be used for screening to identifyantibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols forcompetitive binding or immunoradiometric assays using either polyclonalor monoclonal antibodies with established specificities are well knownin the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement ofcomplex formation between HKALL and its specific antibody. A two-site,monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive totwo non-interfering HKALL epitopes is preferred, but a competitivebinding assay may also be employed (Maddox, supra).

[0113] In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotidesencoding HKALL, or any fragment thereof, or antisense molecules, may beused for therapeutic purposes. In one aspect, antisense to thepolynucleotide encoding HKALL may be used in situations in which itwould be desirable to block the transcription of the mRNA. Inparticular, cells may be transformed with sequences complementary topolynucleotides encoding HKALL. Thus, antisense molecules may be used tomodulate HKALL activity, or to achieve regulation of gene function. Suchtechnology is now well known in the art, and sense or antisenseoligomers or larger fragments, can be designed from various locationsalong the coding or control regions of sequences encoding HKALL.

[0114] Expression vectors derived from retro viruses, adenovirus, herpesor vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids may be used fordelivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue or cellpopulation. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art canbe used to construct recombinant vectors which will express antisensemolecules complementary to the polynucleotides of the gene encodingHKALL. These techniques are described both in Sambrook et al. (supra)and in Ausubel et al. (supra).

[0115] Genes encoding HKALL can be turned off by transforming a cell ortissue with expression vectors which express high levels of apolynucleotide or fragment thereof which encodes HKALL. Such constructsmay be used to introduce untranslatable sense or antisense sequencesinto a cell. Even in the absence of integration into the DNA, suchvectors may continue to transcribe RNA molecules until they are disabledby endogenous nucleases. Transient expression may last for a month ormore with a non-replicating vector and even longer if appropriatereplication elements are part of the vector system.

[0116] As mentioned above, modifications of gene expression can beobtained by designing antisense molecules, DNA, RNA, or PNA, to thecontrol regions of the gene encoding HKALL, i.e., the promoters,enhancers, and introns. Oligonucleotides derived from the transcriptioninitiation site, e.g., between positions −10 and +10 from the startsite, are preferred. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using “triplehelix” base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful becauseit causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to opensufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, orregulatory molecules. Recent therapeutic advances using triplex DNA havebeen described in the literature (Gee, J. E. et al. (1994) In: Huber, B.E. and B. I. Carr, Molecular and Immunologic Approaches, FuturaPublishing Co., Mt. Kisco, N.Y.). The antisense molecules may also bedesigned to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript frombinding to ribosomes.

[0117] Ribozymes, enzymatic RNA molecules, may also be used to catalyzethe specific cleavage of RNA. The mechanism of ribozyme action involvessequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule tocomplementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Exampleswhich may be used include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme moleculesthat can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavageof sequences encoding HKALL.

[0118] Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within any potential RNA targetare initially identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozymecleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC.Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target genecontaining the cleavage site may be evaluated for secondary structuralfeatures which may render the oligonucleotide inoperable. Thesuitability of candidate targets may also be evaluated by testingaccessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides usingribonuclease protection assays.

[0119] Antisense molecules and ribozymes of the invention may beprepared by any method known in the art for the synthesis of nucleicacid molecules. These include techniques for chemically synthesizingoligonucleotides such as solid phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis.Alternatively, RNA molecules may be generated by in vitro and in vivotranscription of DNA sequences encoding HKALL. Such DNA sequences may beincorporated into a wide variety of vectors with suitable RNA polymerasepromoters such as T7 or SP6. Alternatively, these cDNA constructs thatsynthesize antisense RNA constitutively or inducibly can be introducedinto cell lines, cells, or tissues.

[0120] RNA molecules may be modified to increase intracellular stabilityand half-life. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to,the addition of flanking sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends of themolecule or the use of phosphorothioate or 2′ O-methyl rather thanphosphodiesterase linkages within the backbone of the molecule. Thisconcept is inherent in the production of PNAs and can be extended in allof these molecules by the inclusion of nontraditional bases such asinosine, queosine, and wybutosine, as well as acetyl-, methyl-, thio-,and similarly modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine, anduridine which are not as easily recognized by endogenous endonucleases.

[0121] Many methods for introducing vectors into cells or tissues areavailable and equally suitable for use in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo.For ex vivo therapy, vectors may be introduced into stem cells takenfrom the patient and clonally propagated for autologous transplant backinto that same patient. Delivery by transfection and by liposomeinjections may be achieved using methods which are well known in theart.

[0122] Any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied toany subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammalssuch as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably,humans.

[0123] An additional embodiment of the invention relates to theadministration of a pharmaceutical composition, in conjunction with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effectsdiscussed above. Such pharmaceutical compositions may consist of HKALL,antibodies to HKALL, mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors ofHKALL. The compositions may be administered alone or in combination withat least one other agent, such as stabilizing compound, which may beadministered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier,including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, andwater. The compositions may be administered to a patient alone, or incombination with other agents, drugs or hormones.

[0124] The pharmaceutical compositions utilized in this invention may beadministered by any number of routes including, but not limited to,oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary,intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, or rectalmeans.

[0125] In addition to the active ingredients, these pharmaceuticalcompositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carrierscomprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of theactive compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.Further details on techniques for formulation and administration may befound in the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(Maack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.).

[0126] Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can beformulated using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in theart in dosages suitable for oral administration. Such carriers enablethe pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills,dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and thelike, for ingestion by the patient.

[0127] Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained throughcombination of active compounds with solid excipient, optionallygrinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules,after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets ordragee cores. Suitable excipients are carbohydrate or protein fillers,such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol;starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose, suchas methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose; gums including arabic and tragacanth; andproteins such as gelatin and collagen. If desired, disintegrating orsolubilizing agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodiumalginate.

[0128] Dragee cores may be used in conjunction with suitable coatings,such as concentrated sugar solutions, which may also contain gum arabic,talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/ortitanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents orsolvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets ordragee coatings for product identification or to characterize thequantity of active compound, i.e., dosage.

[0129] Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally includepush-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules madeof gelatin and a coating, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Push-fitcapsules can contain active ingredients mixed with a filler or binders,such as lactose or starches, lubricants, such as talc or magnesiumstearate, and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the activecompounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such asfatty oils, liquid, or liquid polyethylene glycol with or withoutstabilizers.

[0130] Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for parenteraladministration may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably inphysiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks' solution, Ringer'ssolution, or physiologically buffered saline. Aqueous injectionsuspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of thesuspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, ordextran. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may beprepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilicsolvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or syntheticfatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers oragents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for thepreparation of highly concentrated solutions.

[0131] For topical or nasal administration, penetrants appropriate tothe particular barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Suchpenetrants are generally known in the art.

[0132] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may bemanufactured in a manner that is known in the art, e.g., by means ofconventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating,emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes.

[0133] The pharmaceutical composition may be provided as a salt and canbe formed with many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric,sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend tobe more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are thecorresponding free base forms. In other cases, the preferred preparationmay be a lyophilized powder which may contain any or all of thefollowing: 1-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, and 2-7% mannitol, at apH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.

[0134] After pharmaceutical compositions have been prepared, they can beplaced in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of anindicated condition. For administration of HKALL, such labeling wouldinclude amount, frequency, and method of administration.

[0135] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the inventioninclude compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in aneffective amount to achieve the intended purpose. The determination ofan effective dose is well within the capability of those skilled in theart.

[0136] For any compound, the therapeutically effective dose can beestimated initially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplasticcells, or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. Theanimal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentrationrange and route of administration. Such information can then be used todetermine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.

[0137] A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of activeingredient, for example HKALL or fragments thereof, antibodies of HKALL,agonists, antagonists or inhibitors of HKALL, which ameliorates thesymptoms or condition. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity may bedetermined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures orexperimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of thepopulation). The dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is thetherapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50.Pharmaceutical compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices arepreferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studiesis used in formulating a range of dosage for human use. The dosagecontained in such compositions is preferably within a range ofcirculating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or notoxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosageform employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route ofadministration.

[0138] The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in lightof factors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage andadministration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the activemoiety or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be takeninto account include the severity of the disease state, general healthof the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time andfrequency of administration, drug combination(s), reactionsensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-actingpharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, everyweek, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rateof the particular formulation.

[0139] Normal dosage amounts may vary from 0.1 to 100,000 micrograms, upto a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route ofadministration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods ofdelivery is provided in the literature and generally available topractitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ differentformulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors.Similarly, delivery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specificto particular cells, conditions, locations, etc.

Diagnostics

[0140] In another embodiment, antibodies which specifically bind HKALLmay be used for the diagnosis of conditions or diseases characterized byexpression of HKALL, or in assays to monitor patients being treated withHKALL, agonists, antagonists or inhibitors. The antibodies useful fordiagnostic purposes may be prepared in the same manner as thosedescribed above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for HKALL includemethods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect HKALL in humanbody fluids or extracts of cells or tissues. The antibodies may be usedwith or without modification, and may be labeled by joining them, eithercovalently or non-covalently, with a reporter molecule. A wide varietyof reporter molecules which are known in the art may be used, several ofwhich are described above.

[0141] A variety of protocols including ELISA, RIA, and FACS formeasuring HKALL are known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosingaltered or abnormal levels of HKALL expression. Normal or standardvalues for HKALL expression are established by combining body fluids orcell extracts taken from normal mammalian subjects, preferably human,with antibody to HKALL under conditions suitable for complex formation.The amount of standard complex formation may be quantified by variousmethods, but preferably by photometric means. Quantities of HKALLexpressed in subject, control, and disease samples from biopsied tissuesare compared with the standard values. Deviation between standard andsubject values establishes the parameters for diagnosing disease.

[0142] In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotidesencoding HKALL may be used for diagnostic purposes. The polynucleotideswhich may be used include oligonucleotide sequences, antisense RNA andDNA molecules, and PNAs. The polynucleotides may be used to detect andquantitate gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression ofHKALL may be correlated with disease. The diagnostic assay may be usedto distinguish between absence, presence, and excess expression ofHKALL, and to monitor regulation of HKALL levels during therapeuticintervention.

[0143] In one aspect, hybridization with PCR probes which are capable ofdetecting polynucleotide sequences, including genomic sequences,encoding HKALL or closely related molecules, may be used to identifynucleic acid sequences which encode HKALL. The specificity of the probe,whether it is made from a highly specific region, e.g., 10 uniquenucleotides in the 5′ regulatory region, or a less specific region,e.g., especially in the 3′ coding region, and the stringency of thehybridization or amplification (maximal, high, intermediate, or low)will determine whether the probe identifies only naturally occurringsequences encoding HKALL, alleles, or related sequences.

[0144] Probes may also be used for the detection of related sequences,and should preferably contain at least 50% of the nucleotides from anyof the HKALL encoding sequences. The hybridization probes of the subjectinvention may be DNA or RNA and derived from the nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID NO:2 or from genomic sequence including promoter, enhancerelements, and introns of the naturally occurring HKALL.

[0145] Means for producing specific hybridization probes for DNAsencoding HKALL include the cloning of nucleic acid sequences encodingHKALL or HKALL derivatives into vectors for the production of mRNAprobes. Such vectors are known in the art, commercially available, andmay be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the additionof the appropriate RNA polymerases and the appropriate labelednucleotides. Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety ofreporter groups, for example, radionuclides such as 32P or 35S, orenzymatic labels, such as alkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe viaavidin/biotin coupling systems, and the like.

[0146] Polynucleotide sequences encoding HKALL may be used for thediagnosis of conditions or diseases which are associated with expressionof HKALL. Examples of such conditions or diseases include cancers of thebladder, prostate, ovary, and breast. The polynucleotide sequencesencoding HKALL may be used in Southern or northern analysis, dot blot,or other membrane-based technologies; in PCR technologies; or in dipstick, pIN, ELISA or chip assays utilizing fluids or tissues frompatient biopsies to detect altered HKALL expression. Such qualitative orquantitative methods are well known in the art.

[0147] In a particular aspect, the nucleotide sequences encoding HKALLmay be useful in assays that detect activation or induction of variouscancers, particularly those mentioned above. The nucleotide sequencesencoding HKALL may be labeled by standard methods, and added to a fluidor tissue sample from a patient under conditions suitable for theformation of hybridization complexes. After a suitable incubationperiod, the sample is washed and the signal is quantitated and comparedwith a standard value. If the amount of signal in the biopsied orextracted sample is significantly altered from that of a comparablecontrol sample, the nucleotide sequences have hybridized with nucleotidesequences in the sample, and the presence of altered levels ofnucleotide sequences encoding HKALL in the sample indicates the presenceof the associated disease. Such assays may also be used to evaluate theefficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment regimen in animalstudies, in clinical trials, or in monitoring the treatment of anindividual patient.

[0148] In order to provide a basis for the diagnosis of diseaseassociated with expression of HKALL, a normal or standard profile forexpression is established. This may be accomplished by combining bodyfluids or cell extracts taken from normal subjects, either animal orhuman, with a sequence, or a fragment thereof, which encodes HKALL,under conditions suitable for hybridization or amplification. Standardhybridization may be quantified by comparing the values obtained fromnormal subjects with those from an experiment where a known amount of asubstantially purified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtainedfrom normal samples may be compared with values obtained from samplesfrom patients who are symptomatic for disease. Deviation betweenstandard and subject values is used to establish the presence ofdisease.

[0149] Once disease is established and a treatment protocol isinitiated, hybridization assays may be repeated on a regular basis toevaluate whether the level of expression in the patient begins toapproximate that which is observed in the normal patient. The resultsobtained from successive assays may be used to show the efficacy oftreatment over a period ranging from several days to months.

[0150] With respect to cancer, the presence of a relatively high amountof transcript in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate apredisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide ameans for detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actualclinical symptoms. A more definitive diagnosis of this type may allowhealth professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressivetreatment earlier thereby preventing the development or furtherprogression of the cancer.

[0151] Additional diagnostic uses for oligonucleotides designed from thesequences encoding HKALL may involve the use of PCR. Such oligomers maybe chemically synthesized, generated enzymatically, or produced from arecombinant source. Oligomers will preferably consist of two nucleotidesequences, one with sense orientation (5′→3′) and another with antisense(3′←5′), employed under optimized conditions for identification of aspecific gene or condition. The same two oligomers, nested sets ofoligomers, or even a degenerate pool of oligomers may be employed underless stringent conditions for detection and/or quantitation of closelyrelated DNA or RNA sequences.

[0152] Methods which may also be used to quantitate the expression ofHKALL include radiolabeling or biotinylating nucleotides,coamplification of a control nucleic acid, and standard curves ontowhich the experimental results are interpolated (Melby, P. C. et al.(1993) J. Immunol. Methods, 159:235-244; Duplaa, C. et al. (1993) Anal.Biochem. 229-236). The speed of quantitation of multiple samples may beaccelerated by running the assay in an ELISA format where the oligomerof interest is presented in various dilutions and a spectrophotometricor calorimetric response gives rapid quantitation.

[0153] In another embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acidsequences which encode HKALL may also be used to generate hybridizationprobes which are useful for mapping the naturally occurring genomicsequence. The sequences may be mapped to a particular chromosome or to aspecific region of the chromosome using well known techniques. Suchtechniques include FISH, FACS, or artificial chromosome constructions,such as yeast artificial chromosomes, bacterial artificial chromosomes,bacterial P1 constructions or single chromosome cDNA libraries asreviewed in Price, C. M. (1993) Blood Rev. 7:127-134, and Trask, B. J.(1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154.

[0154] FISH (as described in Verma et al. (1988) Human Chromosomes: AManual of Basic Techniques, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y.) may becorrelated with other physical chromosome mapping techniques and geneticmap data. Examples of genetic map data can be found in the 1994 GenomeIssue of Science (265:1981f). Correlation between the location of thegene encoding HKALL on a physical chromosomal map and a specificdisease, or predisposition to a specific disease, may help delimit theregion of DNA associated with that genetic disease. The nucleotidesequences of the subject invention may be used to detect differences ingene sequences between normal, carrier, or affected individuals.

[0155] In situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and physicalmapping techniques such as linkage analysis using establishedchromosomal markers may be used for extending genetic maps. Often theplacement of a gene on the chromosome of another mammalian species, suchas mouse, may reveal associated markers even if the number or arm of aparticular human chromosome is not known. New sequences can be assignedto chromosomal arms, or parts thereof, by physical mapping. Thisprovides valuable information to investigators searching for diseasegenes using positional cloning or other gene discovery techniques. Oncethe disease or syndrome has been crudely localized by genetic linkage toa particular genomic region, for example, AT to 11q22-23 (Gatti, R. A.et al. (1988) Nature 336:577-580), any sequences mapping to that areamay represent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation.The nucleotide sequence of the subject invention may also be used todetect differences in the chromosomal location due to translocation,inversion, etc. among normal, carrier, or affected individuals.

[0156] In another embodiment of the invention, HKALL, its catalytic orimmunogenic fragments or oligopeptides thereof, can be used forscreening libraries of compounds in any of a variety of drug screeningtechniques. The fragment employed in such screening may be free insolution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, orlocated intracellularly. The formation of binding complexes, betweenHKALL and the agent being tested, may be measured.

[0157] Another technique for drug screening which may be used providesfor high throughput screening of compounds having suitable bindingaffinity to the protein of interest as described in published PCTapplication WO84/03564. In this method, as applied to HKALL largenumbers of different small test compounds are synthesized on a solidsubstrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. The testcompounds are reacted with HKALL, or fragments thereof, and washed.Bound HKALL is then detected by methods well known in the art. PurifiedHKALL can also be coated directly onto plates for use in theaforementioned drug screening techniques. Alternatively,non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide andimmobilize it on a solid support.

[0158] In another embodiment, one may use competitive drug screeningassays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding HKALLspecifically compete with a test compound for binding HKALL. In thismanner, the antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptidewhich shares one or more antigenic determinants with HKALL.

[0159] In additional embodiments, the nucleotide sequences which encodeHKALL may be used in any molecular biology techniques that have yet tobe developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties ofnucleotide sequences that are currently known, including, but notlimited to, such properties as the triplet genetic code and specificbase pair interactions.

[0160] The examples below are provided to illustrate the subjectinvention and are not included for the purpose of limiting theinvention.

EXAMPLES

[0161] I KERANOT02 cDNA Library Construction

[0162] The KERANOT02 cDNA library was constructed from cryopreservednormal epidermal keratinocytes purchased from Clonetics (San DiegoCalif.; catalog #CC-2501, tissue lot no. 2199). The tissue donor was a30 year old Afro-American female whose skin was resected during electivebreast reduction surgery. At the time of surgery, the donor was takingferrous sulfate in preparation for the surgery, and a routine blood testwas unremarkable except for a slight elevation of serum alaninetransferase. The patient history reported regular tobacco use, but noassociated symptoms, and no prior surgery. Epidermal keratinocytes wereisolated from the resected tissue and allowed to proliferate beforecryopreservation.

[0163] The cells were lysed using a BRINKMANN Homogenizer PolytronPT-3000 (Brinkmann Instruments, Westbury N.J.) in guanidiniumisothiocyanate solution. The lysate was centrifuged over a 5.7 M CsClcushion using a Beckman SW28 rotor in a Beckman L8-70M Ultracentrifuge(Beckman Instruments) for 18 hours at 25,000 rpm at ambient temperature.The RNA was extracted with phenol chloroform pH 8.0, precipitated using0.3 M sodium acetate and 2.5 volumes of ethanol, resuspended inRNAse-free water and DNase treated at 37° C. The RNA was re-extractedwith phenol chloroform pH 8.0 and precipitated using sodium acetate andethanol as before. The mRNA was then isolated using the QIAGEN OLIGOTEXkit (QIAGEN Inc; Chatsworth Calif.) and used to construct the cDNAlibrary.

[0164] The mRNA was handled according to the recommended protocols inthe SUPERSCRIPT Plasmid System for cDNA Synthesis and Plasmid Cloning(Cat. #18248-013; Gibco/BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). cDNAs were fractionatedon a SEPHAROSE CL4B column (Cat. #275105; Pharmacia), and those cDNAsexceeding 400 bp were ligated into PSPORT1. The plasmid PSPORT1 wassubsequently transformed into DH5a™ competent cells (Cat. #18258-012;Gibco/BRL).

[0165] II Isolation and Sequencing of cDNA Clones

[0166] Plasmid DNA was released from the cells and purified using theMiniprep Kit (Catalog #77468; Advanced Genetic Technologies Corporation,Gaithersburg Md.). This kit consists of a 96-well block with reagentsfor 960 purifications. The recommended protocol was employed except forthe following changes: 1) the 96 wells were each filled with only 1 mlof sterile Terrific Broth (Catalog #22711, Gibco/BRL) with carbenicillinat 25 mg/L and glycerol at 0.4%; 2) the bacteria were cultured for 24hours after the wells were inoculated and then lysed with 60 μl of lysisbuffer; 3) a centrifugation step employing the Beckman GS-6R rotor at2900 rpm for 5 minutes was performed before the contents of the blockwere added to the primary filter plate; and 4) the optional step ofadding isopropanol to TRIS buffer was not routinely performed. After thelast step in the protocol, samples were transferred to a Beckman 96-wellblock for storage.

[0167] The cDNAs were sequenced by the method of Sanger F and A RCoulson (1975; J Mol Biol 94:441f), using a Hamilton MICROLAB 2200(Hamilton, Reno Nev.) in combination with Peltier Thermal Cyclers(PTC200 from MJ Research, Watertown Mass.) and Applied Biosystems 377 or373 DNA Sequencing Systems; and the reading frame was determined.

[0168] III Homology Searching of cDNA Clones and Their Deduced Proteins

[0169] The nucleotide sequences of the Sequence Listing or amino acidsequences deduced from them were used as query sequences againstdatabases such as GenBank, SwissProt, BLOCKS, and Pima II. Thesedatabases which contain previously identified and annotated sequenceswere searched for regions of homology (similarity) using BLAST, whichstands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (Altschul (1993) supra,Altschul (1990) supra).

[0170] BLAST produces alignments of both nucleotide and amino acidsequences to determine sequence similarity. Because of the local natureof the alignments, BLAST is especially useful in determining exactmatches or in identifying homologs which may be of prokaryotic(bacterial) or eukaryotic (animal, fungal or plant) origin. Otheralgorithms such as the one described in Smith R F and T F Smith (1992Protein Engineering 5:35-51), incorporated herein by reference, can beused when dealing with primary sequence patterns and secondary structuregap penalties. As disclosed in this application, the sequences havelengths of at least 49 nucleotides, and no more than 12% uncalled bases(where N is recorded rather than A, C, G, or T).

[0171] The BLAST approach, as detailed in Karlin and Altschul (supra)and incorporated herein by reference, searches for matches between aquery sequence and a database sequence, to evaluate the statisticalsignificance of any matches found, and to report only those matcheswhich satisfy the user-selected threshold of significance. In thisapplication, threshold was set at 10⁻²⁵ for nucleotides and 10⁻¹⁴ forpeptides.

[0172] Incyte nucleotide sequences were searched against the GenBankdatabases for primate (pri), rodent (rod), and mammalian sequences(mam), and deduced amino acid sequences from the same clones aresearched against GenBank functional protein databases, mammalian (mamp),vertebrate (vrtp) and eukaryote (eukp), for homology. The relevantdatabase for a particular match were reported as a GIxxx±p (where xxx ispri, rod, etc and if present, p=peptide). The product score iscalculated as follows: the % nucleotide or amino acid identity [betweenthe query and reference sequences] in BLAST is multiplied by the %maximum possible BLAST score [based on the lengths of query andreference sequences] and then divided by 100. Where an Incyte Clone washomologous to several sequences, up to five matches were provided withtheir relevant scores. In an analogy to the hybridization proceduresused in the laboratory, the electronic stringency for an exact match wasset at 70, and the conservative lower limit for an exact match was setat approximately 40 (with 1-2% error due to uncalled bases).

[0173] IV Northern Analysis

[0174] Northern analysis is a laboratory technique used to detect thepresence of a transcript of a gene and involves the hybridization of alabeled nucleotide sequence to a membrane on which RNAs from aparticular cell type or tissue have been bound (Sambrook et al., supra).

[0175] Analogous computer techniques using BLAST (Altschul, S. F. 1993and 1990, supra) are used to search for identical or related moleculesin nucleotide databases such as GenBank or the LIFESEQ database (IncytePharmaceuticals). This analysis is much faster than multiple,membrane-based hybridizations. In addition, the sensitivity of thecomputer search can be modified to determine whether any particularmatch is categorized as exact or homologous.

[0176] The basis of the search is the product score which is defined as:$\frac{\% \quad {sequence}\quad {identity} \times \% \quad {maximum}\quad {BLAST}\quad {score}}{100}$

[0177] The product score takes into account both the degree ofsimilarity between two sequences and the length of the sequence match.For example, with a product score of 40, the match will be exact withina 1-2% error; and at 70, the match will be exact. Homologous moleculesare usually identified by selecting those which show product scoresbetween 15 and 40, although lower scores may identify related molecules.

[0178] The results of northern analysis are reported as a list oflibraries in which the transcript encoding HKALL occurs. Abundance andpercent abundance are also reported. Abundance directly reflects thenumber of times a particular transcript is represented in a cDNAlibrary, and percent abundance is abundance divided by the total numberof sequences examined in the cDNA library.

[0179] V Extension of HKALL-Encoding Polynucleotides

[0180] Incyte clone 820694 or HKALL-encoding nucleic acid sequence (SEQID NO:2) is used to design oligonucleotide primers for extending apartial nucleotide sequence to full length or for obtaining 5′ or 3′,intron or other control sequences from genomic libraries. One primer issynthesized to initiate extension in the antisense direction (XLR) andthe other is synthesized to extend sequence in the sense direction(XLF). Primers are used to facilitate the extension of the knownsequence “outward” generating amplicons containing new, unknownnucleotide sequence for the region of interest. The initial primers aredesigned from the cDNA using OLIGO 4.06 (National Biosciences), oranother appropriate program, to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to havea GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence attemperatures about 68°-72° C. Any stretch of nucleotides which wouldresult in hairpin structures and primer-primer dimerizations is avoided.

[0181] The original, selected cDNA libraries, or a human genomic libraryare used to extend the sequence; the latter is most useful to obtain 5′upstream regions. If more extension is necessary or desired, additionalsets of primers are designed to further extend the known region.

[0182] By following the instructions for the XL-PCR kit (Perkin Elmer)and thoroughly mixing the enzyme and reaction mix, high fidelityamplification is obtained. Beginning with 40 pmol of each primer and therecommended concentrations of all other components of the kit, PCR isperformed using the Peltier Thermal Cycler (PTC200; M.J. Research,Watertown, Mass.) and the following parameters: Step 1 94° C. for 1 mm(initial denaturation) Step 2 65° C. for 1 min Step 3 68° C. for 6 minStep 4 94° C. for 15 sec Step 5 65° C. for 1 mm Step 6 68° C. for 7 minStep 7 Repeat step 4-6 for 15 additional cycles Step 8 94° C. for 15 secStep 9 65° C. for 1 mm Step 10 68° C. for 7:15 min Step 11 Repeat step8-10 for 12 cycles Step 12 72° C. for 8 min Step 13 4° C. (and holding)

[0183] A 5-10 μl aliquot of the reaction mixture is analyzed byelectrophoresis on a low concentration (about 0.6-0.8%) agarose mini-gelto determine which reactions were successful in extending the sequence.Bands thought to contain the largest products are selected and removedfrom the gel. Further purification involves using a commercial gelextraction method such as QIAQUICK (QIAGEN Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.).After recovery of the DNA, Klenow enzyme is used to trimsingle-stranded, nucleotide overhangs creating blunt ends whichfacilitate religation and cloning.

[0184] After ethanol precipitation, the products are redissolved in 13μl of ligation buffer, 1 μl T4-DNA ligase (15 units) and 1 μl T4polynucleotide kinase are added, and the mixture is incubated at roomtemperature for 2-3 hours or overnight at 16° C. Competent E. coli cells(in 40 μl of appropriate media) are transformed with 3 μl of ligationmixture and cultured in 80 μl of SOC medium (Sambrook et al., supra).After incubation for one hour at 37° C., the whole transformationmixture is plated on Luria Bertani (LB)-agar (Sambrook et al., supra)containing 2× Carb. The following day, several colonies are randomlypicked from each plate and cultured in 150 μl of liquid LB/2× Carbmedium placed in an individual well of an appropriate,commercially-available, sterile 96-well microtiter plate. The followingday, 5 μl of each overnight culture is transferred into a non-sterile96-well plate and after dilution 1:10 with water, 5 μl of each sample istransferred into a PCR array.

[0185] For PCR amplification, 18 μl of concentrated PCR reaction mix(3.3×) containing 4 units of rTth DNA polymerase, a vector primer, andone or both of the gene specific primers used for the extension reactionare added to each well. Amplification is performed using the followingconditions: Step 1 94° C. for 60 sec Step 2 94° C. for 20 sec Step 3 55°C. for 30 sec Step 4 72° C. for 90 sec Step 5 Repeat steps 2-4 for anadditional 29 cycles Step 6 72° C. for 180 sec Step 7 4° C. (andholding)

[0186] Aliquots of the PCR reactions are run on agarose gels togetherwith molecular weight markers. The sizes of the PCR products arecompared to the original partial cDNAs, and appropriate clones areselected, ligated into plasmid, and sequenced.

[0187] VI Labeling and Use of Hybridization Probes

[0188] Hybridization probes derived from SEQ ID NO:2 are employed toscreen cDNAs, genomic DNAs, or mRNAs. Although the labeling ofoligonucleotides, consisting of about 20 base-pairs, is specificallydescribed, essentially the same procedure is used with larger cDNAfragments. Oligonucleotides are designed using state-of-the-art softwaresuch as OLIGO 4.06 (National Biosciences), labeled by combining 50 pmolof each oligomer and 250 μCi of [γ-³²P] adenosine triphosphate(Amersham) and T4 polynucleotide kinase (DuPont NEN®, Boston, Mass.).The labeled oligonucleotides are substantially purified with SEPHADEXG-25 superfine resin column (Pharmacia & Upjohn). A portion containing10⁷ counts per minute of each of the sense and antisenseoligonucleotides is used in a typical membrane based hybridizationanalysis of human genomic DNA digested with one of the followingendonucleases (Ase I, Bgl II, Eco RI, Pst I, Xba 1, or Pvu II; DuPontNEN®).

[0189] The DNA from each digest is fractionated on a 0.7 percent agarosegel and transferred to nylon membranes (Nytran Plus, Schleicher &Schuell, Durham, N.H.). Hybridization is carried out for 16 hours at 40°C. To remove nonspecific signals, blots are sequentially washed at roomtemperature under increasingly stringent conditions up to 0.1×salinesodium citrate and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. After XOMAT AR™ film(Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.) is exposed to the blots in a Phosphoimagercassette (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.) for several hours,hybridization patterns are compared visually.

[0190] VII Complementary Polynucleotides or Antisense Molecules

[0191] Complementary polynucleotides or antisense molecules to theHKALL-encoding sequence, or any part thereof, are used to inhibit invivo or in vitro expression of naturally occurring HKALL. Although useof antisense oligonucleotides, comprising about 20 base-pairs, isspecifically described, essentially the same procedure is used withlarger cDNA fragments. An oligonucleotide based on the coding sequencesof HKALL, as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E, is used to inhibitexpression of naturally occurring HKALL. The complementaryoligonucleotide is designed from the most unique 5′ sequence as shown inFIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E and used either to inhibit transcription bypreventing promoter binding to the upstream nontranslated sequence ortranslation of an HKALL-encoding transcript by preventing the ribosomefrom binding. Using an appropriate portion of the signal and 5′ sequenceof SEQ ID NO:2, an effective antisense oligonucleotide includes any15-20 nucleotides spanning the region which translates into the signalor 5′ coding sequence of the polypeptide as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C,1D, and 1E.

[0192] VIII Expression of HKALL

[0193] Expression of HKALL is accomplished by subcloning the cDNAs intoappropriate vectors and transforming the vectors into host cells. Inthis case, the cloning vector, PSPORT, previously used for thegeneration of the cDNA library is used to express HKALL in E. coli.Upstream of the cloning site, this vector contains a promoter forβ-galactosidase, followed by sequence containing the amino-terminal Met,and the subsequent seven residues of β-galactosidase. Immediatelyfollowing these eight residues is a bacteriophage promoter useful fortranscription and a linker containing a number of unique restrictionsites.

[0194] Induction of an isolated, transformed bacterial strain with IPTGusing standard methods produces a fusion protein which consists of thefirst eight residues of β-galactosidase, about 5 to 15 residues oflinker, and the full length protein. The signal residues direct thesecretion of HKALL into the bacterial growth media which can be useddirectly in the following assay for activity.

[0195] IX Demonstration of HKALL Activity

[0196] HKALL's proteolytic activity can be determined by methodsdescribed by Christernsson A. et al. (1990, Eur. J. Biochem. 194:755-763). Substrates for proteolytic cleavage are found in human semen.Human seminal plasma is collected and coagulated semen is washed free ofsoluble components. HKALL is incubated with coagulated semen in a bufferconsisting of 50 mmol/l TRIS-HCl pH 7.8, with 0.1 mol/1 NaCl. Reactionsare performed at 37° C. After incubation periods of different durations(from 0 to 30 minutes) the samples are analyzed by SDS/PAGE. Theresulting pattern of peptide fragments is compared and quantitated usinga control sample in which HKALL is not added.

[0197] X Production of HKALL Specific Antibodies

[0198] HKALL that is substantially purified using PAGE electrophoresis(Sambrook, supra), or other purification techniques, is used to immunizerabbits and to produce antibodies using standard protocols. The aminoacid sequence deduced from SEQ ID NO:2 is analyzed using DNASTARsoftware (DNASTAR Inc) to determine regions of high immunogenicity and acorresponding oligopolypeptide is synthesized and used to raiseantibodies by means known to those of skill in the art. Selection ofappropriate epitopes, such as those near the C-terminus or inhydrophilic regions, is described by Ausubel et al. (supra). and others.

[0199] Typically, the oligopeptides are 15 residues in length,synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 431Ausing fmoc-chemistry, and coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH,Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) by reaction withN-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS; Ausubel et al.,supra). Rabbits are immunized with the oligopeptide-KLH complex incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The resulting antisera are tested forantipeptide activity, for example, by binding the peptide to plastic,blocking with 1% BSA, reacting with rabbit antisera, washing, andreacting with radioiodinated, goat anti-rabbit IgG.

[0200] XI Purification of Naturally Occurring HKALL Using SpecificAntibodies

[0201] Naturally occurring or recombinant HKALL is substantiallypurified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific forHKALL. An immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently couplingHKALL antibody to an activated chromatographic resin, such asCnBr-activated SEPHAROSE (Pharmacia & Upjohn). After the coupling, theresin is blocked and washed according to the manufacturer'sinstructions.

[0202] Media containing HKALL is passed over the immunoaffinity column,and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferentialabsorbance of HKALL (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presenceof detergent). The column is eluted under conditions that disruptantibody/HKALL binding (eg, a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentrationof a chaotrope, such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and HKALL iscollected.

[0203] XII Identification of Molecules Which Interact with HKALL

[0204] HKALL or biologically active fragments thereof are labeled with¹²⁵I Bolton-Hunter reagent (Bolton et al. (1973) Biochem. J. 133: 529).Candidate molecules previously arrayed in the wells of a multi-wellplate are incubated with the labeled HKALL, washed and any wells withlabeled HKALL complex are assayed. Data obtained using differentconcentrations of HKALL are used to calculate values for the number,affinity, and association of HKALL with the candidate molecules.

[0205] All publications and patents mentioned in the above specificationare herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications andvariations of the described method and system of the invention will beapparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scopeand spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been describedin connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should beunderstood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited tosuch specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of thedescribed modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious tothose skilled in molecular biology or related fields are intended to bewithin the scope of the following claims.

1 5 268 amino acids amino acid single linear KERANOT02 820694 1 Met PheSer Pro Thr Met Met Phe Pro Val Thr Thr Pro Leu Thr Pro 1 5 10 15 CysPro Leu Gly Ala Thr Arg Thr Trp Glu Leu Gly Pro Gly Lys Thr 20 25 30 ProGly Arg Met Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ser Ser Met Asp Pro Thr Ala 35 40 45 IleCys Thr Pro Ser Arg Gly Gln Ala Ala Leu Leu Leu Arg Pro Asn 50 55 60 GlnLeu Tyr Cys Gly Ala Val Leu Val His Pro Gln Trp Leu Leu Thr 65 70 75 80Ala Ala His Cys Arg Lys Lys Val Phe Arg Val Arg Leu Gly His Tyr 85 90 95Ser Leu Ser Pro Val Tyr Glu Ser Gly Gln Gln Met Phe Gln Gly Val 100 105110 Lys Ser Ile Pro His Pro Gly Tyr Ser His Pro Gly His Ser Asn Asp 115120 125 Leu Met Leu Ile Lys Leu Asn Arg Arg Ile Arg Pro Thr Lys Asp Val130 135 140 Arg Pro Ile Asn Val Ser Ser His Cys Pro Ser Ala Gly Thr LysCys 145 150 155 160 Leu Val Ser Gly Trp Gly Thr Thr Lys Ser Pro Gln ValHis Phe Pro 165 170 175 Lys Val Leu Gln Cys Leu Asn Ile Ser Val Leu SerGln Lys Arg Cys 180 185 190 Glu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Arg Gln Ile Asp Asp ThrMet Phe Cys Ala Gly 195 200 205 Asp Lys Ala Gly Arg Asp Ser Cys Gln GlyAsp Ser Gly Gly Pro Val 210 215 220 Val Cys Asn Gly Ser Leu Gln Gly LeuVal Ser Trp Gly Asp Tyr Pro 225 230 235 240 Cys Ala Arg Pro Asn Arg ProGly Val Tyr Thr Asn Leu Cys Lys Phe 245 250 255 Thr Lys Trp Ile Gln GluThr Ile Gln Ala Asn Ser 260 265 1476 base pairs nucleic acid singlelinear KERANOT02 820694 2 CAGGCCTGAG AAGTCTGCGG CTGAGCTGGG AGCAAATCCCCCACCCCCTA CCTGGGGGAC 60 AGGGCAAGTG AGACCTGGTG AGGGTGGCTC AGCAGGCAGGGAAGGAGAGG TGTCTGTGCG 120 TCCTGCACCC ACATCTTTCT CTGTCCCCTC CTTGCCCTGTCTGGAGGCTG CTAGACTCCT 180 ATCTTCTGAA TTCTATAGTG CCTGGGTCTC AGCCAGTGCCGATGGTGGCC CGTCCTTGTG 240 GTTCCTCTCT ACCTGGGGAA ATAAGGTGCA GCGGCCATGGCTACAGCAAG ACCCCCCTGG 300 ATGTGGGTGC TCTGTGCTCT GATCACAGCC TTGCTTCTGGGGGTCACAGA GCATGTTCTC 360 GCCAACAATG ATGTTTCCTG TGACCACCCC TCTAACACCGTGCCCTCTGG GAGCAACCAG 420 GACCTGGGAG CTGGGGCCGG GGAAGACGCC CGGTCGGATGACAGCAGCAG CCGCATCATC 480 AATGGATCCG ACTGCGATAT GCACACCCAG CCGTGGGCAGGCCGCGCTGT TGCTAAGGCC 540 CAACCAGCTC TACTGCGGGG CGGTGTTGGT GCATCCACAGTGGCTGCTCA CGGCCGCCCA 600 CTGCAGGAAG AAAGTTTTCA GAGTCCGTCT CGGCCACTACTCCCTGTCAC CAGTTTATGA 660 ATCTGGGCAG CAGATGTTCC AGGGGGTCAA ATCCATCCCCCACCCTGGCT ACTCCCACCC 720 TGGCCACTCT AACGACCTCA TGCTCATCAA ACTGAACAGAAGAATTCGTC CCACTAAAGA 780 TGTCAGACCC ATCAACGTCT CCTCTCATTG TCCCTCTGCTGGGACAAAGT GCTTGGTGTC 840 CGGCTGGGGG ACAACCAAGA GCCCCCAAGT GCACTTCCCTAAGGTCCTCC AGTGCTTGAA 900 TATCAGCGTG CTAAGTCAGA AAAGGTGCGA GGATGCTTACCCGAGACAGA TAGATGACAC 960 CATGTTCTGC GCCGGTGACA AAGCAGGTAG AGACTCCTGCCAGGGTGATT CTGGGGGGCC 1020 TGTGGTCTGC AATGGCTCCC TGCAGGGACT CGTGTCCTGGGGAGATTACC CTTGTGCCCG 1080 GCCCAACAGA CCGGGTGTCT ACACGAACCT CTGCAAGTTCACCAAGTGGA TCCAGGAAAC 1140 CATCCAGGCC AACTCCTGAG TCATCCCAGG ACTCAGCACACCGGCATCCC CACCTGCTGC 1200 AGGGACAGCC CTGACACTCC TTTCAGACCC TCATTCCTTCCCAGAGATGT TGAGAATGTT 1260 CATCTCTCCA GCCCCTGACC CCATGTCTCC TGGACTCAGGGTCTGCTTCC CCCACATTGG 1320 GCTGACCGTG TCTCTCTAGT TGAACCCTGG GAACAATTTCCAAAACTGTC CAGGGCGGGG 1380 GTTGCGTCTC AATCTCCCTG GGGCACTTTC ATCCTCAAGCTCAGGGCCCA TCCCTTCTCT 1440 GCAGCTCTGA CCCAAATTTA GTCCCAGAAA TAAACT 1476253 amino acids amino acid single linear GenBank 532504 3 Met Ala ArgSer Leu Leu Leu Pro Leu Gln Ile Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Ala LeuGlu Thr Ala Gly Glu Glu Ala Gln Gly Asp Lys Ile Ile Asp 20 25 30 Gly AlaPro Cys Ala Arg Gly Ser His Pro Trp Gln Val Ala Leu Leu 35 40 45 Ser GlyAsn Gln Leu His Cys Gly Gly Val Leu Val Asn Glu Arg Trp 50 55 60 Val LeuThr Ala Ala His Cys Lys Met Asn Glu Tyr Thr Val His Leu 65 70 75 80 GlySer Asp Thr Leu Gly Asp Arg Arg Ala Gln Arg Ile Lys Ala Ser 85 90 95 LysSer Phe Arg His Pro Gly Tyr Ser Thr Gln Thr His Val Asn Asp 100 105 110Leu Met Leu Val Lys Leu Asn Ser Gln Ala Arg Leu Ser Ser Met Val 115 120125 Lys Lys Val Arg Leu Pro Ser Arg Cys Glu Pro Pro Gly Thr Thr Cys 130135 140 Thr Val Ser Gly Trp Gly Thr Thr Thr Ser Pro Asp Val Thr Phe Pro145 150 155 160 Ser Asp Leu Met Cys Val Asp Val Lys Leu Ile Ser Pro GlnAsp Cys 165 170 175 Thr Lys Val Tyr Lys Asp Leu Leu Glu Asn Ser Met LeuCys Ala Gly 180 185 190 Ile Pro Asp Ser Lys Lys Asn Ala Cys Asn Gly AspSer Gly Gly Pro 195 200 205 Leu Val Cys Arg Gly Thr Leu Gln Gly Leu ValSer Trp Gly Thr Phe 210 215 220 Pro Cys Gly Gln Pro Asn Asp Pro Gly ValTyr Thr Gln Val Cys Lys 225 230 235 240 Phe Thr Lys Trp Ile Asn Asp ThrMet Lys Lys His Arg 245 250 262 amino acids amino acid single linearGenBank 186653 4 Met Trp Phe Leu Val Leu Cys Leu Ala Leu Ser Leu Gly GlyThr Gly 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Pro Pro Ile Gln Ser Arg Ile Val Gly Gly TrpGlu Cys Glu 20 25 30 Gln His Ser Gln Pro Trp Gln Ala Ala Leu Tyr His PheSer Thr Phe 35 40 45 Gln Cys Gly Gly Ile Leu Val His Arg Gln Trp Val LeuThr Ala Ala 50 55 60 His Cys Ile Ser Asp Asn Tyr Gln Leu Trp Leu Gly ArgHis Asn Leu 65 70 75 80 Phe Asp Asp Glu Asn Thr Ala Gln Phe Val His ValSer Glu Ser Phe 85 90 95 Pro His Pro Gly Phe Asn Met Ser Leu Leu Glu AsnHis Thr Arg Gln 100 105 110 Ala Asp Glu Asp Tyr Ser His Asp Leu Met LeuLeu Arg Leu Thr Glu 115 120 125 Pro Ala Asp Thr Ile Thr Asp Ala Val LysVal Val Glu Leu Pro Thr 130 135 140 Gln Glu Pro Glu Val Gly Ser Thr CysLeu Ala Ser Gly Trp Gly Ser 145 150 155 160 Ile Glu Pro Glu Asn Phe SerPhe Pro Asp Asp Leu Gln Cys Val Asp 165 170 175 Leu Lys Ile Leu Pro AsnAsp Glu Cys Glu Lys Ala His Val Gln Lys 180 185 190 Val Thr Asp Phe MetLeu Cys Val Gly His Leu Glu Gly Gly Lys Asp 195 200 205 Thr Cys Val GlyAsp Ser Gly Gly Pro Leu Met Cys Asp Gly Val Leu 210 215 220 Gln Gly ValThr Ser Trp Gly Tyr Val Pro Cys Gly Thr Pro Asn Lys 225 230 235 240 ProSer Val Ala Val Arg Val Leu Ser Tyr Val Lys Trp Ile Glu Asp 245 250 255Thr Ile Ala Glu Asn Ser 260 263 amino acids amino acid single linearGenBank 55527 5 Met Trp Phe Leu Ile Leu Phe Leu Ala Leu Phe Leu Gly GlyIle Asp 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Pro Pro Val Gln Ser Arg Ile Ile Gly Gly PheAsn Cys Glu 20 25 30 Lys Asn Ser Gln Pro Trp His Val Ala Val Tyr Arg PheAla Arg Tyr 35 40 45 Gln Cys Gly Gly Val Leu Leu Asp Ala Asn Trp Val LeuThr Ala Ala 50 55 60 His Cys Tyr Asn Asp Lys Tyr Gln Val Trp Leu Gly LysAsn Asn Arg 65 70 75 80 Phe Glu Asp Glu Pro Ser Ala Gln His Gln Leu IleSer Lys Ala Ile 85 90 95 Pro His Pro Gly Phe Asn Met Ser Leu Leu Asn LysAsp His Thr Pro 100 105 110 His Pro Glu Asp Asp Tyr Ser Asn Asp Leu MetLeu Val Arg Leu Lys 115 120 125 Lys Pro Ala Glu Ile Thr Asp Val Val LysPro Ile Asp Leu Pro Thr 130 135 140 Glu Glu Pro Thr Val Gly Ser Arg CysLeu Ala Ser Gly Trp Gly Ser 145 150 155 160 Thr Thr Pro Thr Glu Glu PheGlu Tyr Ser His Asp Leu Gln Cys Val 165 170 175 Tyr Leu Glu Leu Leu SerAsn Glu Val Cys Ala Lys Ala His Thr Glu 180 185 190 Lys Val Thr Asp ThrMet Leu Cys Ala Gly Glu Met Asp Gly Gly Lys 195 200 205 Asp Thr Cys ValGly Asp Ser Gly Gly Pro Leu Ile Cys Asp Gly Val 210 215 220 Leu Gln GlyIle Thr Ser Trp Gly Pro Thr Pro Cys Ala Leu Pro Asn 225 230 235 240 ValPro Gly Ile Tyr Thr Lys Leu Ile Glu Tyr Arg Ser Trp Ile Lys 245 250 255Asp Val Met Ala Asn Asn Pro 260

What is claimed is:
 1. A purified polypeptide comprising an amino acidsequence selected from the group consisting of: a) an amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:1, b) a naturally-occurring amino acid sequencehaving at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, c)a biologically-active fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:1, and d) an immunogenic fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:1.
 2. An isolated polypeptide of claim 1, having a sequence of SEQID NO:1.
 3. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide ofclaim
 1. 4. A recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequenceoperably linked to a polynucleotide of claim
 3. 5. A cell transformedwith a recombinant polynucleotide of claim
 4. 6. A method for producinga polypeptide of claim 1, the method comprising: a) culturing a cellunder conditions suitable for expression of the polypeptide, whereinsaid cell is transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide, and saidrecombinant polynucleotide comprises a promoter sequence operably linkedto a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of claim 1, and b)recovering the polypeptide so expressed.
 7. An isolated antibody whichspecifically binds to a polypeptide of claim
 1. 8. An isolatedpolynucleotide comprising a sequence selected from the group consistingof: a) a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, b) anaturally-occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequenceidentity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, c) a polynucleotide sequencecomplementary to a), d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b)and e) a ribonucleotide equivalent of a)-d).
 9. An isolatedpolynucleotide comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleic acids of claim8.
 10. A method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, saidtarget polynucleotide having a sequence of a polynucleotide of claim 8,the method comprising: a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprisingat least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementaryto said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probespecifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditionswhereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and saidtarget polynucleotide or fragments thereof, and b) detecting thepresence or absence of said hybridization complex, and, optionally, ifpresent, the amount thereof.
 11. A method of claim 10, wherein the probecomprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides.
 12. A method for detectinga target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide having asequence of a polynucleotide of claim 8, the method comprising: a)amplifying said target polynucleotide or fragment thereof usingpolymerase chain reaction amplification, and b) detecting the presenceor absence of said amplified target polynucleotide or fragment thereof,and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof.
 13. A compositioncomprising an effective amount of a polypeptide of claim 1 and anacceptable excipient.
 14. A composition of claim 13, wherein thepolypeptide has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 15. A method for screeninga compound for effectiveness as an agonist of a polypeptide of claim 1,the method comprising: a) exposing a sample comprising a polypeptide ofclaim 1 to a compound, and b) detecting agonist activity in the sample.16. A method for screening a compound for effectiveness as an antagonistof a polypeptide of claim 1, the method comprising: a) exposing a samplecomprising a polypeptide of claim 1 to a compound, and b) detectingantagonist activity in the sample.
 17. A composition comprising anantagonist compound identified by a method of claim 16 and an acceptableexcipient.
 18. A method for treating a disease or condition associatedwith overexpression of functional HKALL, comprising administering to apatient in need of such treatment a composition of claim
 17. 19. Amethod for screening a compound for effectiveness in altering expressionof a target polynucleotide, wherein said target polynucleotide comprisesa polynucleotide sequence of claim 1, the method comprising: a) exposinga sample comprising the target polynucleotide to a compound, underconditions suitable for the expression of the target polynucleotide, b)detecting altered expression of the target polynucleotide, and c)comparing the expression of the target polynucleotide in the presence ofvarying amounts of the compound and in the absence of the compound. 20.A method for assessing toxicity of a test compound, said methodcomprising: a) treating a biological sample containing nucleic acidswith the test compound; b) hybridizing the nucleic acids of the treatedbiological sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguousnucleotides of a polynucleotide of claim 8 under conditions whereby aspecific hybridization complex is formed between said probe and a targetpolynucleotide in the biological sample, said target polynucleotidecomprising a polynucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide of claim 8 orfragment thereof; c) quantifying the amount of hybridization complex;and d) comparing the amount of hybridization complex in the treatedbiological sample with the amount of hybridization complex in anuntreated biological sample, wherein a difference in the amount ofhybridization complex in the treated biological sample is indicative oftoxicity of the test compound.
 21. A diagnostic test for a condition ordisease associated with the expression of HKALL in a biological samplecomprising the steps of: a) combining the biological sample with anantibody of claim 7, under conditions suitable for the antibody to bindthe polypeptide and form an antibody: polypeptide complex; and b)detecting the complex, wherein the presence of the complex correlateswith the presence of the polypeptide in the biological sample.
 21. Theantibody of claim7, wherein the antibody is: (a) a chimeric antibody;(b) a single chain antibody; (c) a Fab fragment; (d) a F(ab′)₂ fragment;(e) a Fv fragment; or (f) a humanized antibody.
 22. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an antibody of claim 7 and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient.
 23. A method of diagnosing a condition or diseaseassociated with the expression of HKALL in a subject, comprisingadministering to said subject an effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim
 22. 24. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 22,wherein the antibody is labeled.
 25. A method of diagnosing a conditionor disease associated with the expression of HKALL in a subject,comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of thepharmaceutical composition of claim
 24. 26. A method of preparing apolyclonal antibody with the specificity of the antibody of claim 7comprising: a) immunizing an animal with a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 oran antigenically-effective fragment thereof under conditions to elicitan antibody response; b) isolating animal antibodies; and c) screeningthe isolated antibodies with the polypeptide thereby identifying apolyclonal antibody binds specifically to a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1.27. An antibody produced by a method of claim
 26. 28. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the antibody of claim 27 in conjunction with asuitable pharmaceutical carrier.
 29. A method of making a monoclonalantibody with the specificity of the antibody of claim 7 comprising: a)immunizing an animal with a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 or anantigenically-effective fragment thereof under conditions to elicit anantibody response; b) isolating antibody producing cells from theanimal; c) fusing the antibody producing cells with immortalized cellsin culture to form monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cells; d)culturing the hybridoma cells; and e) isolating from the culturemonoclonal antibodies which binds specifically to a polypeptide of SEQID NO:1.
 30. A monoclonal antibody produced by a method of claim
 29. 31.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 30 inconjunction with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
 32. The antibody ofclaim 7, wherein the antibody is produced by screening a Fab expressionlibrary.
 33. The antibody of claim 7, wherein the antibody is producedby screening a recombinant immunoglobulin library.
 34. A method fordetecting a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 in a sample comprising the stepsof: a) combining the antibody of claim 7 with a sample under conditionsto allow specific binding; and b) detecting specific binding, whereinspecific binding indicates the presence of polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 inthe sample.
 35. A method of using an antibody to purify polypeptide ofSEQ ID NO:1 from a sample, the method comprising: a) combining theantibody of claim 7 with a sample under conditions to allow specificbinding; and b) separating the antibody from the protein, therebyobtaining purified polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1.